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THE main purpose of this paper is to illustrate the results or effects of water and water-alcohol injection on aircraft-engine performance. Water offers the best rate of cooling at high power output and, the authors point out, should be used without any additive where cooling is of paramount importance.

In this paper, a novel membrane-based phase separator is described. This device, known as a water recovery heat exchanger (WRHEX), overcomes the inherent deficiencies of current phase-separation technology. ...Specifically, the WRHEX cools and removes water vapor or water droplets from feed-air streams without the use of a vacuum or centrifugal force. ...As is shown in this paper, only a low-power air blower and a small stream of recirculated cool water is required for WRHEX operation. This paper presents the results of tests using this novel membrane device over a wide range of operating conditions.

Real-time monitoring allows analysis of water processing from wastewater to potable water and would enable the rapid diagnosis and correction of a processing failure if a water-related health issue were to arise. ...Through the NASA Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program, Lynntech has developed a novel, mesofluidic Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOCA) for real-time monitoring of water quality. ...Monitoring the quality of astronaut potable and hygiene water is one of the highest priorities of a regenerative life support system for manned space missions to the ISS, Moon, Mars, and other remote locations.

This configuration results in minimal airplane payload weight penalties because it uses less than half the water of the compressor water misting method. The combustor water injection method reduces the turbine inlet temperature just enough during takeoff that it would greatly improve engine hot section life which would reduce engine maintenance costs. ...The two current preferred methods of water injection are: (1) direct injection into the combustor, and (2) misting of the conditioned water before the engine's compressor. ...In order to reduce these temperatures and improve engine life, both water injection systems were evaluated for use all the way to top of climb. Although the water misting system showed better engine performance results, the best solution may be the combustor injection method when used for takeoff only.

In this exhaustive study, first a comparative investigation is conducted between diesel and 10% emulsion; and in the consequent phases, performance and emission characteristics of 10% water diesel emulsion is evaluated at various injection angles on a single cylinder, water cooled diesel engine. ...Some of the fuel, which includes biodiesel, alcohol-diesel emulsions and diesel water emulsions etc. Among which the diesel water emulsion (DWE) is found to be most suitable fuel due to reduction in particulate matter and NOx emission, besides that it also improves the brake thermal efficiency. ...In the comparative study for different injection angles, it is found that on advancing the injection angle the peak pressure is shifted towards TDC and because of that, torque is increased slightly.

Cost analysis is made of three methods of increasing airplane performance by water injection, namely: 1. By increasing cruising bmep's while maintaining engine cooling requirements at the value for conventional cruising bmep's. 2. ...By increasing cruise powers up to meto at a constant F/A ratio while maintaining low cooling requirements and avoiding detonation with the use of water. It is concluded by the author that if the water to be used for cooling does not displace an equivalent weight of payload, a maximum saving of 7% at sea level and 18% at 25,000 ft can be realized in direct operating cost with water. ...A STUDY of possible economic advantages to the aircraft operator of utilizing the internal cooling potentialities of water to assist aircraft-engine cooling and increase detonation limited powers is presented here.

This paper describes the preliminary development of a wash water recycle system utilizing an inside-skinned hollow-fiber membrane developed by Bend Research, Inc. ...During the NASA research program, a pre-prototype membrane module capable of processing 6 gallons per day (2.3×10-2m3/day) of wash water at 97% recovery was developed that can be dry-stored and that weighs 120 g.

For ultra-light aircraft, needing a total installed propulsion power up to 150 kW, the combination of a specifically developed internal combustion engine (ICE) integrated with a state-of-the-art electric system (electric motor, inverter and battery) appears particularly promising. ...The paper describes the design of the new engine, with particular attention to the optimization of the scavenging system (without poppet valves) and the design of a low pressure direct injection system. The process is supported by CFD 1D and 3D simulations. As far as the design of the injection system is concerned, the main goal was to obtain a fuel trapping ratio higher than 95%, along with a properly stratified charge at combustion onset, when considering the most critical operating condition (maximum engine speed and load). ...As far as the design of the injection system is concerned, the main goal was to obtain a fuel trapping ratio higher than 95%, along with a properly stratified charge at combustion onset, when considering the most critical operating condition (maximum engine speed and load).

Electrooxidation of urine and waste water ersatz was experimentally demonstrated. This paper discusses the electrooxidation principle, reaction kinetics, efficiency, power, size, experimental test results and water reclamation applications. ...This paper discusses the electrooxidation principle, reaction kinetics, efficiency, power, size, experimental test results and water reclamation applications. Process operating potentials and the use of anodic oxidation potentials that are sufficiently low to avoid oxygen formation and chloride oxidation are described. ...The design of a novel electrochemical system that incorporates a membrane-based electrolyte based on parametric test data and current fuel cell technology is presented.

Valving of gas to overcome airship lightness is wasteful and costly, especially when the craft is inflated with helium gas but, if this is not done, some substance must be collected and stored at the same rate as that at which fuel is consumed in the engines and the most practicable method seems to be to recover water from the exhaust gases. Gasoline combustion is analyzed and it is brought out that, for every 100 lb. of gasoline burned, 145 lb. of water is present in the exhaust, varying somewhat with the weather conditions and the composition of the fuel. ...Gasoline combustion is analyzed and it is brought out that, for every 100 lb. of gasoline burned, 145 lb. of water is present in the exhaust, varying somewhat with the weather conditions and the composition of the fuel. ...The problem is to make available, as ballast, two-thirds of the water known to be present. How it is present is explained and means for its utilization discussed.

The strategy couples the well-established capabilities of reagent-based flow injection analyses (FIA) with our novel concepts for the design of a miniaturized, low-power pumping system, i.e., an electrochemically-driven micropump. ...This paper describes the development of a prototype fluid pumping system for incorporation into a miniaturized flow injection analyzer. The strategy couples the well-established capabilities of reagent-based flow injection analyses (FIA) with our novel concepts for the design of a miniaturized, low-power pumping system, i.e., an electrochemically-driven micropump.

In the first step metal oxide catalysts, like cerium(IV)oxide, manganese-oxide and iron(III)oxide were investigated after injection of their nitrate precursors dissolved in water. These catalysts showed poor activities, by the reason of the low specific surfaces of the catalyst particles, which were achieved from the decomposition of the nitrate precursors. ...One option is the injection of a catalyst, which reduces the required regeneration temperature. Hence, a system was developed at HJS Emission Technology GmbH to inject catalyst-precursor into the exhaust gas pipe, whereby the catalysts are generated due to decomposition of the precursor in the hot exhaust gas. ...A technique based on the calculation of apparent activation energies was developed to characterize the soot combustion on the filter. In the first step metal oxide catalysts, like cerium(IV)oxide, manganese-oxide and iron(III)oxide were investigated after injection of their nitrate precursors dissolved in water.

To address these and other requirements for HMF, an experimental system to produce sterile water for injection from Space Station Freedom potable (drinking) water, the sterile water for injection system (SWIS), has been developed by Sterimatics Corporation in cooperation with KRUG International and NASA. ...Fluids for administration to a crewmember/patient are planned to be prepared from potable water. To address these and other requirements for HMF, an experimental system to produce sterile water for injection from Space Station Freedom potable (drinking) water, the sterile water for injection system (SWIS), has been developed by Sterimatics Corporation in cooperation with KRUG International and NASA. ...The system is based on passive, disposable water purification and containment devices.

In an effort to reduce the weight of medical supplies that must be sent into space to support the Health Maintenance Facility (HMF) of the Space Station, a disposable cartridge (SWIS) is being developed which will purify the Space Station potable water to USP XXI(1) Water for Injection (WFI) quality. This water will subsequently be mixed with concentrates to reconstitute intravenous solutions such as Ringer's Lactate, which would be used in emergency situations for treatment of ill or injured crew members.

This is in contrast to traditional zeolite molecular sieves, where carbon dioxide adsorption is adversely affected by the presence of water. The use of a hydrophobic adsorbent that functions regardless of the presence of water vapour, has the potential to greatly simplify temperature swing molecular adsorption systems by eliminating the need for an up-stream dryer bed, whilst eliminating the risk of the ammonia and monoethanolamine emissions associated with ‘wet amine’ scrubbers. ...Under contract to the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD), QinetiQ has been investigating the feasibility of an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal system, based on a novel hydrophobic adsorbent produced by impregnating mesoporous silica MCM41 with an imine. The silica/imine material has been found to perform better in humid conditions than when dry.

This paper presents a novel concept of acclimatized container to increase people comfort in case of temporary housing. ...It requires only the presence of a water well or drilling a hole to place inside a closed loop exchanger which is used to stabilize temperature of internal water which is used as a dynamic thermal barrier which maintains in the wellness conditions inside the mobile housing equipment. ...It requires only the presence of a water well or drilling a hole to place inside a closed loop exchanger which is used to stabilize temperature of internal water which is used as a dynamic thermal barrier which maintains in the wellness conditions inside the mobile housing equipment.

The lower part of the loop is heated using a hot water bath with thermostat control, while the upper part of the loop is cooled using a cold water jacket through which water is recirculated from a water chill unit. The electromagnet provided a magnetic field strength from 0.01-0.2 T, where as the driving temperature difference between the hot and cold portion of the loop ranged from 20-80 °C. ...A workable model of the generator is designed and built using salt and water solution as the working fluid. The design calculations of the MHD generator and the range of parameters involved are based on the analytical results obtained from previous work, which allowed prediction of the optimal range of the magnetic field strength as related to the driving temperature difference. ...The lower part of the loop is heated using a hot water bath with thermostat control, while the upper part of the loop is cooled using a cold water jacket through which water is recirculated from a water chill unit.

In comparison to the traditional electrical heating strategies to brutally heat massive area of entire turbine blades, a novel heating-coating hybrid strategy, i.e., combining a leading-edge (LE) heating element to cover the first 30% of the chord length (C) along with using SLIPS to coat entire blade surface, was found to be able to keep the entire blade surface completely free of ice, but with only an approximately 30% of the required energy consumption. ...The readily bouncing of the water droplets upon impinging onto the durable SLIPS and the much lower ice adhesion strength/capillary force over the SLIPS coated surface are believed to be the reasons to lead the better anti-/de-icing performance of the heating-coating hybrid strategy to prevent ice accretion/formation over the surfaces of the wind turbine blades.

Finally the potential climatic effects of added water vapor in the stratosphere on the radiation budget, the small decrease in ozone, and polar night cloudiness is evaluated in the light of future commercial aviation injections of water vapor....The two combustion products which future technology will be unable to eliminate from present day jet engines are carbon dioxide and water vapor. ...The two combustion products which future technology will be unable to eliminate from present day jet engines are carbon dioxide and water vapor. The potential climatic change effects of carbon dioxide are considered to be a small part of a larger CO2 problem.

The parametric testing includes UV light source evaluation, photolysis vs photocatalysis comparison, oxygen concentration dependence, temperature dependence, reactor mixing, disinfection features, photocatalyst loading, photocatalyst degradation studies and power consumption estimates. This novel post-treatment approach for waste water reclamation shows potential for integration with closed-loop life support systems. ...An ultraviolet driven photocatalytic post-treatment technique for the purification of waste water distillates, reverse osmosis permeates and spacecraft habitat atmospheric humidity condensates is described.